대화의 기술의 원칙. The Book of The Principles of the Art of Conversation, by J. P. Mahaffy

대화의 기술의 원칙. The Book of The Principles of the Art of Conversation, by J. P. Mahaffy

Contents
ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION.
Conversation:
(1) is universal;
(2) is necessary; and therefore
(3) Is it an art? (§ 2)
(4) Can it be improved?
The great difficulty is this: that it must seem to be natural, and not an art.
Hence―
(5) Analogy of the arts of logic and rhetoric (§ 3, § 4), viz.―
(α) They can never be taught without natural gifts to receive them.
(β) They can always be greatly improved in those who possess these gifts.
(γ) They must not be paraded, or they cease to be arts in the higher sense,
for
(δ) The highest art is to attain perfect nature.
So also―
(1) No teaching by mere specimens and by memory is possible (§ 5).
(2) All the general rules are obvious, and yet
(3) Natural gifts are necessary to apply them with skill.
I. THE MANNER OF CONVERSATION, or
Subjective Conditions,
(A) in the speaker, and these are either―
(α) Physical, viz.
1) A sweet tone of voice (§ 6).
(2) Absence of local accent.
(3) Absence of tricks and catchwords (§ 7).
xii or
(β) Mental, viz.
(1) Knowledge, which may be either General (books, men), or Special (great topics,
the topic of the day).
(2) Quickness.
or
(γ) Moral, viz.
(1) Modesty.
(2) Simplicity―digression on Shyness and Reserve.
(3) Unselfishness.
(4) Sympathy.
(5) Tact.
Digression as regards Conditions―
(α) too general―Moral Worth and Truthfulness.
(β) too special―Wit and Humour.
Objective Conditions,
(B) in the hearers, which are either in―
(1) Quantity, for we speak with (α) one, (β) a few, (γ) many.
(2) Quality, for we speak with (α) equals, (β) superiors, (γ) inferiors.
(3) Differences (A) of age, (1) older, (2) younger,
(3) equal; (B), of sex―men and women.
(4) Degrees of Intimacy, (α) relations, (β) friends, (γ) acquaintances (familiar, slight).
II. THE MATTER OF CONVERSATION, or
(C) The Topics, which are either―
In Quantity―infinite.
In Quality―serious or trivial.
In Relation―personal or general.
(D) The handling of the Topics must be either―
Deliberative, or by all the company.
Controversial, or by two speakers.
Epideictic, or by one.
EPILOGUE.